Education in the Commonwealth Period: A Historical Review
Education plays a central role in shaping societies, and this was especially true during the Commonwealth Period of the Philippines (1935–1946). This era, marked by preparation for full independence from the United States, saw the establishment of policies and reforms that reshaped the nation’s educational system. Understanding Commonwealth Period education is vital not only for historians but also for educators, policymakers, and citizens who want to trace how the Philippine school system evolved into what it is today.
The Commonwealth government prioritized education because leaders recognized that an educated population was essential for democratic governance, economic progress, and cultural identity. With this vision, they introduced new laws, revised existing practices, and expanded access to education. This historical review provides a comprehensive look at the major developments in Commonwealth Period education, its challenges, and its long-term impact on Philippine society.
Historical Context of the Commonwealth Period
The Commonwealth of the Philippines was established in 1935 as a transitional government before full independence. Under the leadership of President Manuel L. Quezon, the government emphasized national identity, economic stability, and social development. Education was considered a cornerstone of these goals. The U.S. colonial influence was still strong, particularly in language, curriculum, and teaching methods, but Filipino leaders wanted to assert their own vision.
The 1935 Constitution explicitly highlighted the importance of education. It declared that the government should provide free public education in elementary schools and promote moral character, civic conscience, and vocational efficiency. This constitutional commitment laid the foundation for educational reforms during the Commonwealth years.
Key Features of Commonwealth Period Education
Focus on Free Public Education
One of the most significant achievements of Commonwealth Period education was the emphasis on free and compulsory primary education. The government expanded access by building more public schools across rural and urban areas. Education was not only about literacy but also about instilling civic values. The goal was to prepare Filipinos for self-governance and democratic participation.
Language Policy and English as the Medium of Instruction
The use of English as the primary medium of instruction continued during this period, a legacy of the American era. However, President Quezon also recognized the importance of Filipino identity. He supported the development of a national language, later called “Pilipino,” which was eventually promoted in schools. This dual-language policy shaped both literacy and cultural consciousness.
Teacher Training and Professionalization
Another hallmark of Commonwealth Period education was the strengthening of teacher training. Normal schools and teacher colleges were established or expanded to ensure that educators were competent and professional. This investment in teacher development improved the quality of instruction and helped standardize education nationwide.
Vocational and Technical Education
The government also prioritized vocational and technical education. Schools introduced courses in agriculture, trade, and home economics to equip students with practical skills. This approach aimed to address unemployment and support economic development by aligning education with national needs.
Moral and Civic Education
The Commonwealth leaders believed education was not only about academics but also about character. Schools taught moral education, civic duties, and nationalism. This focus prepared Filipinos for the responsibilities of independence and strengthened a sense of unity.
Challenges Faced by the Education System
Despite its progress, Commonwealth Period education encountered several challenges. Poverty and limited resources meant that many children, especially in remote areas, could not attend school. The lack of classrooms, textbooks, and trained teachers hampered implementation. Moreover, while English was promoted, many students found it difficult because it was not their native language.
Another challenge was inequality. While public education was free, access to secondary and higher education was still limited to wealthier families. Vocational schools attempted to bridge the gap, but disparities persisted. Additionally, the outbreak of World War II in 1941 disrupted the entire system. Many schools closed, teachers were displaced, and learning was interrupted, leaving long-term effects on education.
Achievements and Legacy of Commonwealth Period Education
The Commonwealth Period left a lasting legacy in Philippine education. The commitment to free public elementary education became a permanent policy. Teacher training institutions strengthened the teaching profession. The emphasis on vocational and technical training influenced later reforms in aligning education with national development.
The introduction of a national language alongside English shaped the country’s bilingual educational framework, which continues today. Furthermore, the integration of civic and moral education fostered values of citizenship that guided Filipinos in the early years of independence.
Impact on Post-War Philippine Education
After World War II, the Philippines faced the task of rebuilding its education system. However, the foundations laid during the Commonwealth Period made recovery possible. Policies that promoted free education, teacher training, and civic consciousness were revived and expanded. The vision of an educated and democratic citizenry carried over into the Republic period, proving that the Commonwealth reforms were instrumental in shaping Philippine education.
Lessons from Commonwealth Period Education
The Commonwealth Period was a turning point in Philippine history. Its educational reforms reflected the nation’s aspirations for independence, democracy, and progress. By emphasizing free education, teacher professionalization, and civic responsibility, the Commonwealth government laid the groundwork for a stronger school system.
Today, as the Philippines continues to face educational challenges, from accessibility to quality learning, it is useful to revisit the lessons of the Commonwealth Period. An education system that balances academic learning with civic values, national identity, and practical skills remains as important now as it was then.
Education is not just about knowledge—it is about preparing citizens for nation-building. The Commonwealth leaders understood this deeply, and their vision continues to resonate. To create a brighter future, policymakers and educators today should draw inspiration from the Commonwealth’s commitment to accessible, relevant, and values-driven education.
FAQs
What was the education system during the Commonwealth Period in the Philippines?
Education was free and compulsory at the elementary level, with emphasis on English instruction, civic values, and vocational training.
Why was education important during the Commonwealth Period?
It prepared Filipinos for independence by promoting literacy, democracy, moral values, and practical skills for national development.
Who was the leader that emphasized education during the Commonwealth Period?
President Manuel L. Quezon prioritized education as a foundation for self-governance and nation-building.
How did World War II affect Commonwealth Period education?
The war disrupted schooling, destroyed infrastructure, and displaced teachers and students, but reforms resumed after liberation.
What is the legacy of Commonwealth Period education today?
Its legacy includes free public education, bilingual instruction, teacher training, and the integration of civic values into learning.
